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House in African American neighborhood
title
House in African American neighborhood
Subject
Houses and homes
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Applewhite struck by police car at Bogalusa march 2
title
Applewhite struck by police car at Bogalusa march 2
Subject
Civil rights demonstrations, Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Police, Ku Klux Klan
Date created ms
1965-04-09
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
A policeman menacingly approaches the photographer at Bogalusa's first major civil rights march, led by James Farmer on April 9, 1965. During the chaos when white counter-protesters attacked the marchers, a Bogalusa police car inadvertently struck Klan member Louis Applewhite. At first, the white crowd laughed and cheered, thinking a Black man had been hit. When they realized the fallen man was white, they turned their ire back to the marchers and then tried to attack the police. The march was the first indication of the turmoil that would put Bogalusa in the national spotlight for the rest of that year.
Applewhite struck by police car at Bogalusa march 1
title
Applewhite struck by police car at Bogalusa march 1
Subject
Civil rights demonstrations, Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Police, Ku Klux Klan
Date created ms
1965-04-09
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
Bogalusa's first major civil rights march, led by James Farmer on April 9, 1965. During the chaos when white counter-protesters attacked the marchers, a Bogalusa police car inadvertently struck Klan member Louis Applewhite. At first the white crowd laughed and cheered, thinking a Black man had been hit. When they realized the fallen man was white, they turned their ire back to the marchers and then tried to attack the police. The march was the first indication of the turmoil that would put Bogalusa in the national spotlight for the rest of that year.
Fourth Street in Bogalusa 2
title
Fourth Street in Bogalusa 2
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
Fourth Street was the center of Black commercial and nightlife activity in 1960s Bogalusa.
Fourth Street in Bogalusa 1
title
Fourth Street in Bogalusa 1
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
Fourth Street was the center of Black business and nightlife activity in 1960s Bogalusa.
Gathering at Hicks House 2
title
Gathering at Hicks House 2
Subject
Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Congress of Racial Equality, Bogalusa Voters League
Date created ms
1965-04
Abstract
The Robert "Bob" Hicks House was a base of operations and hub of activity for the Bogalusa civil rights movement. The house served as a safe haven for civil rights workers, a meeting place for civil rights attorneys, and a medical triage center for injured protesters. The Executive Board of the Bogalusa Civic and Voters League and the Bogalusa Deacons for Defense were headquartered here. The house was a frequent target of Ku Klux Klan attacks, and the Deacons for Defense stood guard around the clock. CORE field secretary Ronnie Moore (glasses, no hat) sits in center, CORE worker Joel Rubenstein is to his right, lying on the grass. Deacon for Defense Sam Barnes sits to the right of Ronnie Moore. Robert Hicks, his daughter Valeria Hicks, and Deacon for Defense Bert Wyre are in the back, facing away from camera.
Mayor Jesse Cutrer with Bogalusa civil rights activists
title
Mayor Jesse Cutrer with Bogalusa civil rights activists
Subject
Civil rights demonstrations, Bogalusa Voters League, Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Deacons for Defense and Justice
Date created ms
1965-04-09
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
On April 9, 1965, CORE director James Farmer led Bogalusa's first major civil rights march. Before the march, the Bogalusa Civic and Voters League had presented Bogalusa Mayor Jesse Cutrer with a list of seven demands, including equal opportunity in employment and education, desegregation of schools and public facilities, and installation of sewers and paved roads in the Black communities. He initially declared negotiations were off the table, but after the march, he announced he was willing to negotiate. Mayor Cutrer in center, Charles Sims, president of the Bogalusa Deacons for Defense, in sunglasses and hat to his right.
James Farmer addresses crowd outside Bogalusa City Hall
title
James Farmer addresses crowd outside Bogalusa City Hall
Subject
Civil rights demonstrations, Bogalusa Voters League, Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Congress of Racial Equality
Date created ms
1965-04-09
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
On April 9, 1965, CORE director James Farmer led Bogalusa's first major civil rights march. The march was attacked by a mob of white supremacists, who beat activists and journalists with picket signs, and lunged at James Farmer with a blackjack. A few days before the march, Bogalusa Mayor Jesse Cutrer had refused to speak with members of the Voters League after they presented him with a list of seven demands. Following the violence at the march, Cutrer addressed the marchers directly on the steps of City Hall, announcing he was ready to negotiate.
Melee at Bogalusa civil rights march
title
Melee at Bogalusa civil rights march
Subject
Civil rights demonstrations, Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Police, White supremacy movements
Date created ms
1965-04-09
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
A chaotic scene on Columbia Street during Bogalusa's first major civil rights march, led by James Farmer on April 9, 1965. White supremacist counter-protesters heckled and attacked marchers, journalists and even an FBI agent. After the violence at the march, the Bogalusa mayor told local civil rights leaders that he was ready to negotiate. A.Z. Young, president of the Bogalusa Civic and Voters League, stands at far left, in white shirt.
View of Crown Zellerbach Paper Mill 2
title
View of Crown Zellerbach Paper Mill 2
Subject
Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Paper mills
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
In his 1965 memoir of Bogalusa, Dr. Rapoport vividly describes the dominating presence of Crown Zellerbach in Bogalusa. "The smoke comes from the chimneys of the Crown Zellerbach paper mill...At night it forms a large swathe of grey across starry skies...In the murkeyness of its artificial overcast, the fumes and smells, particles of odor, penetrate fecally into a person's lungs, clothes, home and mind....Crown Zellerbach owns and controls the town. It is the major employer (80%), and its directors run the schools, city commission, and political face of the town."
Bogalusa mill houses with outhouses
title
Bogalusa mill houses with outhouses
Subject
Houses and homes, Great Southern Lumber Company
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
Mill houses were workers housing built in the early 20th century by the Great Southern Lumber Company when Bogalusa was a rigidly segregated company town. The mill houses for Black workers were smaller and lacked the electricity and plumbing provided in housing for white workers. By 1965, many homes in Bogalusa's African American neighborhoods still lacked indoor plumbing, sewers, paved streets and street lights.
African American church in Bogalusa
title
African American church in Bogalusa
Subject
African American churches
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Bogalusa houses with clothesline
title
Bogalusa houses with clothesline
Subject
Houses and homes
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Mill houses in African American neighborhood 1
title
Mill houses in African American neighborhood 1
Subject
Houses and homes, Great Southern Lumber Company
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
Mill houses were shotgun houses, built as workers housing by the Great Southern Lumber Company when Bogalusa was a rigidly segregated company town. The mill houses for Black workers were smaller and lacked the electricity and plumbing provided in housing for white workers.
Mill Houses in African American neighborhood 3
title
Mill Houses in African American neighborhood 3
Subject
Great Southern Lumber Company, Houses and homes
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
Mill houses were shotgun houses, built as workers housing by the Great Southern Lumber Company when Bogalusa was a rigidly segregated company town. The mill houses for Black workers were smaller and lacked the electricity and plumbing provided in housing for white workers.
Hate letter
title
Hate letter
Subject
Racism
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
Anonymous hate-filled letter sent to the "Committee on Employment" in Jonesboro, La.
Family on porch
title
Family on porch
Subject
African Americans
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
Unidentified family on porch in Bogalusa "colored quarters."
Children playing in front of Bogalusa mill houses
title
Children playing in front of Bogalusa mill houses
Subject
African American children
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Segregated public housing in Bogalusa 1
title
Segregated public housing in Bogalusa 1
Subject
Public housing, Segregation
Date created ms
1965-04
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Bogalusa civil rights march with James Farmer
title
Bogalusa civil rights march with James Farmer
Subject
Civil rights demonstrations, Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Congress of Racial Equality, Bogalusa Voters League
Date created ms
1965-04-09
Name
Rapoport, Stanley
Abstract
On April 9, 1965, CORE national director James Farmer led Bogalusa's first major civil rights march to protest police brutality and demand equal economic opportunity. From left to right in front of march: Don Lampton (student activist), A.Z. Young (president of the Bogalusa Voters League), Ronnie Moore (CORE field secretary), James Farmer, R.T. Young (Deacon for Defense and Justice), unidentified man, Cleotha Guy. CORE worker Joel Rubenstein marches behind Guy.

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