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title: Joyce Robinson oral history interview
Subject: Faculty integration, Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, Public schools, Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, School integration, Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish
Date created ms: 1997
Abstract: Robinson discusses the crossover of East Baton Rouge Parish public school teachers, including teachers' attitudes, methods they used to prepare, and support received from the parish, schools, and other teachers. She also discusses desegregation and changing demographics at Istrouma High School., http://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/oralhistory/abstracts/civilrights/Robinson_Joyce_w_Haw.pdf

title: Johnnie Jones, Sr. oral history interview
Subject: Actions and defenses, Louisiana, Cases, African American children, Education, Louisiana, African American civil rights workers, Louisiana, African American soldiers, African Americans, Civil rights, Louisiana, African Americans, Segregation, Louisiana, Baton Rouge Bus Boycott, Baton Rouge, La., 1953, Civil rights movements, Louisiana, School integration, Louisiana, Segregation in transportation, Louisiana, World War, 1939-1945, Participation, African American, World War, 1939-1945, Campaigns, France, Normandy
Date created ms: 1993, 1995
Abstract: Jones gives a detailed account of his life, beginning with his childhood in West Feliciana Parish, La., through his high school, college, and law school education. He describes his army service in World War II, his position as the first African-American warrant officer, and his involvement the D-Day invasion. Jones shares recollections of racism, segregation, sit-ins, and protests in Baton Rouge and other Louisiana cities. He describes in detail his work as a civil rights attorney, including his relationships with Louisiana civil rights leaders, the NAACP, and CORE; his participation in numerous civil rights cases; student activism at Southern University; the Baton Rouge Bus Boycott; his involvement with the NAACP; local and national figures in the civil rights movement; prominent court cases aimed at ending segregation; the lawyers and judges involved in those cases; and the wider civil rights movement in Louisiana., http://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/oralhistory/abstracts/civilrights/Jones_Johnnie_4700.0321.pdf

title: College Consent Decree Update Given LSU Board
Subject: Louisiana State University System, School integration
Date Issued: 1982-04-03

title: Haunted House, Royal Street
Subject: Haunted houses, Architecture, Ironwork, Schools, School integration, Bars
Date Issued: 1905
Abstract: Also known as the Lalaurie House, 1140 Royal Street, New Orleans, it was ransacked by a mob in 1834 when Madame Delphine Lalaurie was rumored to have tortured her slaves. During Reconstruction it was the Lower Girl's High School and the site of another mob attack December 15-17, 1874, demanding the dismissal of African-American students admitted to it. Signs read: "Haunted Saloon; Under New Management; A New Stock of Choice Wines & Liquors; Jackson Beer on Tap; B. G. Moroni" "Bayou Cook Oysters at the Bar 15 cents; Oyster Loaf a Specialty; Sandwiches 10 cents"

title: Dupuy H. Anderson oral history interview
Subject: African Americans, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge Bus Boycott, Baton Rouge, La., 1953, Bus lines, Ridership, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, Bus occupants, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, Racism, United States, School integration, United States, Segregation in education, United States, Segregation in transportation, Louisiana, Baton Rouge
Date created ms: 1998
Name: Anderson, Dupuy H., 1918-1999
Abstract: Dupuy H. Anderson discusses his childhood in a mixed neighborhood and memories of public school segregation in Baton Rouge; discrimination and segregation in the U.S. Air Force that resulted in his being refused assignments; and his experiences with racism and segregation in social gatherings, trains, hospitals, and schools across the South. He explains his interest in school desegregation, the motivations and concerns of African Americans for desegregation, and his observations of integration in Atlanta, Mississippi, and California. Anderson also describes his participation in the Baton Rouge bus boycott of 1953, including the leadership of veterans, peoples' providing free rides for African-American commuters, and the limited success of the effort., http://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/oralhistory/abstracts/mckinley/4_boycott/Anderson_Dupuy_T1513.pdf

title: Oliver Mack oral history interview
Subject: School integration, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, College integration, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, African American high school students, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, African American college students, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, Class actions (Civil procedure), Louisiana
Date created ms: 1993
Name: Mack, Oliver, 1946-
Abstract: Mack discusses his family background, his attendance at McKinley High School, the integration of Baton Rouge high schools, treatment of black students at predominantly white high schools, his participation in the class-action suit to admit African-American undergraduates at LSU, his studies and experiences at LSU, and his work at Exxon after graduation., http://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/oralhistory/abstracts/university/integration/Mack_Oliver_T445.abs.pdf

title: Freya Rivers oral history interview
Subject: African Americans, Civil rights, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, African Americans, Politics and government, School integration, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, College integration, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, Civil rights movements, United States, Poor children, Louisiana, Inner cities, Louisiana
Date created ms: 1993
Name: Rivers, Freya Anderson, 1947-
Abstract: Rivers discusses her father's service in World War II, business, and civil rights efforts in Baton Rouge; her role in the integration of Robert E. Lee High School; her role in the LSU desegregation suit; and her attendance at LSU, including her racist reception by other students. Rivers also discusses her participation in the civil rights movement, her work with inner-city children, African-American politics and voting, the challenges facing African Americans, and the future of race relations in America., http://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/oralhistory/abstracts/university/integration/Rivers_Freya_T474-T476.abs.pdf

title: Robert Hicks Oral History
Subject: Bogalusa Voters League, Civil rights movements, Bogalusa, Louisiana, Employment discrimination, School integration, Congress of Racial Equality, Great Southern Lumber Company, Sharecropping, Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Paper mills, Civil rights demonstrations
Date created ms: 2001-11-09, 2001-11-27
Name: Sobol, Richard B.
Abstract: Robert Hicks describes his childhood and family history, his father’s work as a logger driving a team of oxen in the Mississippi swamps, and the early years of his marriage to Valeira (Jackie) Hicks as they struggled to raise a family with little money. He describes his work at the segregated box plant, registering to vote in the 1950s, joining the Bogalusa Voters League, and the controversy over bringing CORE to Bogalusa. He talks about how his commitment to the civil rights movement was sealed when he saw a white man who had been his boyhood friend harassing Black children who were “testing” white businesses. He describes the night of Feb. 1, 1965 when his family was threatened for hosting two white CORE workers, and describes the first student march in Bogalusa, the James Farmer march, and the Hicks v. Crown Zellerbach and Jenkins v. Bogalusa School Board civil rights lawsuits. He talks about his son Gregory’s difficult experiences as part of the first integrated high school class, and says he still has nightmares from the racism he experienced as the first Black supervisor at the box plant.

title: Integration Plan Ordered Into Effect In St Tammany (5/20/65)
Subject: School integration
Date created ms: 1965-05-20

title: Parish Schools Ordered to Integrate / Fair Policing Policy Explained (10/14/65)
Subject: Discrimination--Law and legislation, School integration, Police, Fairs
Date created ms: 1965-10-14

title: Parish School Integration Asked (9/29/65)
Subject: School integration, Civil rights, Law and legislation
Date created ms: 1965-09-29

title: School Injunction Hearing Set Tomorrow / School Transfer Rules Set (10/26/65)
Subject: Student activism, Bogalusa Voters League, African American schools, Law and legislation, School integration
Date created ms: 1965-10-26

title: Not Klansman Now, Rester Says: More Witnesses Refuse to Testify / Negro Student Struck at BHS (1/7/66)
Subject: Ku Klux Klan, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Un-American Activities., Municipal officials and employees, School integration
Date created ms: 1966-01-07
Abstract: "The city attorney of Bogalusa, La. told congressional investigators today that he is not a member of the Ku Klux Klan, but he refused to say whether he ever had been. Robert T. Rester, 35, invoked the 5th Amendment against self-incrimination in reply to all questions put to him except the last one, whether he was presently a Klansman....When asked by the House Committee on un-American Activities if he is now a member, Rester replied, 'No.'"

title: The Bogalusa Daily News: "Judge approves closing all-Negro schools" (7/23/69)
Subject: School integration, African American schools, Civil rights, Law and legislation
Date created ms: 1969-07-23
Abstract: "In a ruling received this morning by the Bogalusa School Board, U.S. District Judge Frederick J. R. Heebe has approved the board's revised plan for school integration next year....It was the Fifth Circuit's rejection of freedom-of-choice in 38 Louisiana school systems which has led to sweeping changes in integration plans throughout the state."

title: Paul Kates Oral History
Subject: School integration, Civil rights demonstrations, Deacons for Defense and Justice, City councils
Date created ms: 2021-04-21
Name: Collins, Matthew
Abstract: Paul Kates talks about transferring to Bogalusa Junior High School in eighth grade after it had been partially integrated under the Freedom of Choice plan. He recalls constant fights and name-calling from white students and how he was the only Black student on football teams called The Confederates and The Rebels. He describes witnessing the police brutality on 4th Street on Bloody Wednesday, and describes his later education, career and positions on the Bogalusa City Council and as President of the School Board. He recalls a bitter City Council fight over the naming of Martin Luther King Avenue, and reflects on some of the negative impacts of school integration on Bogalusa’s Black community.

title: Gregory Hicks Oral History
Subject: School integration, Civil rights demonstrations, Police brutality
Date created ms: 2021-06-13
Name: Collins, Matthew
Abstract: Gregory Hicks is the youngest son of Bogalusa civil rights leaders, Robert and Valeira Hicks and was a student participant in the movement. He describes his childhood in segregated Bogalusa; his difficult experiences as part of the first integrated class at Bogalusa High School when Black students were excluded from sports teams, graded unfairly and assaulted by white students; he talks about two white teachers who treated all students equally. He describes his participation in pickets and marches, and how he was bitten by a police dog during the integration of Cassidy Park. He reflects on how these experiences affected him in later life.

title: Gregory Hicks Oral History
Subject: School integration, African American schools, Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Name: Hicks, Charles
Abstract: Gregory Hicks is the youngest son of Robert “Bob” Hicks. He shares his memories of his grandparents, his aunt Fannie Payton, and his siblings. He describes his father as a “pillar of strength” and talks about how his mother taught them the difference between right and wrong. He recalls his teachers at the segregated schools that he attended through 10th grade, and the Bogalusa neighborhoods he lived in as a child. He describes his experience as one of the few Black students to attend Bogalusa High School in the first years of integration and how white students would “jump” the Black students, meanwhile Black kids in the neighborhood would mock the kids who went to the integrated school. He says that while he is proud of being part of school integration, if given the choice, he wouldn’t do it again. He talks about his appreciation for two white teachers who treated all the students equally, and being denied opportunities to participate in team sports at Bogalusa High School.

title: Richard Sobol Oral History
Subject: Civil rights, Law and legislation, Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee (U.S.), Employment discrimination, Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, School integration, African American lawyers, Union College (Schenectady, N.Y.), Arnold, Fortas & Porter
Date created ms: 2010-04-27
Name: Hicks, Charles
Abstract: Richard Sobol (1937-2020) was a leading civil rights attorney who litigated several landmark discrimination cases in state and federal courts across Louisiana, as well as before the US Supreme Court. He discusses being introduced to civil rights issues as a child; participating in civil rights protests as a young attorney in Washington D.C.; and deciding to volunteer for the Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee (LCDC) in Louisiana. He discusses the significance of the Hicks v. Knight case; his work with the New Orleans firm of Collins, Douglas and Elie; and how he learned about discrimination at the Crown Zellerbach paper mill during his first meeting with Robert Hicks. He recalls his decision to move to Louisiana to set up the first LCDC office in New Orleans and discusses his work on Duncan v. Louisiana case which secured the right to a jury trial in all states, and expresses his deep admiration for plaintiff Gary Duncan. He recalls participating in the Bogalusa to Baton Rouge March, and describes the lasting significance of the Crown Zellerbach employment discrimination cases, particularly in regards to employment testing. He discusses the Bogalusa and Washington Parish school desegregation cases, the limits of desegregation under the “Freedom of Choice” plans; and the Hicks v. Weaver public housing discrimination case. He describes his admiration for Judge Frederick Heebe and for Bogalusa civil rights leaders Robert Hicks, Gayle Jenkins and A.Z. Young, and how “there's probably no place in Louisiana, maybe no place in the South” where the civil rights movement saw a similar combination of multiple legal actions in the courts at the same time as ongoing direct action and protests in the streets.

title: Robert Hicks Audio Interview
Subject: Civil rights movements, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Congress of Racial Equality, Bogalusa Voters League, Deacons for Defense and Justice, School integration, Great Southern Lumber Company, Interstates (Express highways)
Date created ms: 1996
Name: Honigsberg, Peter Jan
Abstract: Robert Hicks looks at a series of photos and recalls the people and events associated with them. He describes conflicts between CORE and Governor John McKeithen following the murder of Deputy Sheriff Oneal Moore. He talks about how Gayle Jenkins and his wife Valeira ("Jack") Hicks briefly left the Bogalusa to Baton Rouge March after the violence in Satsuma to do a press conference in New Orleans, and returned after the National Guard came in. He talks about the deal to drop the charges against Henry Austan, and the events of Bloody Wednesday. He discusses the children who first integrated Bogalusa schools and describes his father’s work as a logger with a team of oxen in Mississippi, and then as a sharecropper in Bogalusa. He describes the history of the Great Southern Lumber Company; finding boards stamped “Bogalusa” in old houses in New Orleans; the reason Bogalusa was nicknamed “Magic City;” and how the lack of an interstate is “what really killed Bogalusa.” He talks about how in his youth, Black men were expected to step off the sidewalk when white people passed, and describes an incident in a grocery store when his wife Valeira did not let a white woman go first in line. He says he’d like to see a textbook about Bogalusa history — “good or bad” — for the benefit of children in the Louisiana public schools.

title: 1967 Louisiana Joint Legislative Committee report on school integration
Subject: School integration, Louisiana. Legislature
Date created ms: 1967
Name: Peter Honigsberg
Abstract: Excerpts from a 1967 Louisiana Joint Legislative Committee Report on school integration, recommending continued public funding of segregation academies through grant-in-aid to parents of children attending private schools. The funding of segregation academies made it possible for Southern states to circumvent Brown v. Board of Education and subsequent federal integration orders, in order to perpetuate racial segregation in dual school systems. According to the report, “The vast majority of the people of Louisiana still steadfastly oppose the integration of the races in their school system because, unlike ultra-liberals, they realize that integrated public schools substantially lower the standard of education which their children can receive, and they resent the forced social relationship of their children with negro children whose moral conduct generally is known to be wholly unacceptable.”

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