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title: Harsh parenting and child distress as predictors of child noncompliance during children's second year of life
Date Issued: 2004
Abstract: The present study examined the direct and interactive effects of harsh parenting and child distress on rates of child problem behavior during children's second year of life. Forty-seven mothers and their children participated when children were 1 and 2 years of age. Observational ratings were used to measure mothers' harsh parenting, child distress, and rates of child problem behaviors. Only child distress at time 1 was associated with higher rates of active noncompliance, verbal protest, and lower rates of compliance and global ratings of compliance at time 2. Moreover, two significant interaction terms emerged. Results indicated that high harsh parenting was associated with more verbal protest when children were less distressed but less verbal protest when children were highly distressed at time 1. Highly distressed children at time 1 were most actively noncompliant at time 2, regardless of level of harsh parenting. However, for children who were rated as less distressed at time 1, high harsh parenting predicted higher levels of active noncompliance one year later.

title: Dissociative effects of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in conditioned place preference and tail-flick analgesia tests
Date Issued: 2000
Abstract: Two recently isolated endogenous tetrapeptides, endomorphin-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2) and endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2), were tested for reward properties using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. To examine these effects, male Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned for 45 minutes for six days with alternating intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of saline and 5 microliters of either endomorphin-1, endomorphin-2, morphine, or saline. Animals were then tested for preference on the seventh day. In contrast to the effect produced by morphine, endomorphins 1 and 2 failed to produce place preference. Tail-flick tests indicated the presence of analgesia induced by endomorphin-1 at 10 minutes post-injection but not at longer times. These findings are the first indication that these endogenous peptides do not exhibit rewarding properties, even though endomorphin-1 did produce analgesia, showing it was active in these animals.

title: Dementia in Parkinson's disease
Date Issued: 1994
Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is primarily a disease of late middle age. Cognitive impairments are well documented in Parkinson's and the incidence of overt dementia is correlated with age at onset, akinesia, duration, and treatment status. The dementia of PD is subcortical and has been proposed to have three syndromes. The mild form of dementia is thought to be directly related to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the advanced form is present when there are added cholinergic deficits, and the most severe form is exhibited when there is concomitant AD-type pathology. Theories of dementia have been based on cognitive processing models and neurophysiological data. Since there are no current interventions for dementia in PD, spaced-retrieval, a cognitive behavioral method, was tested. Three tasks were presented: a verbal task, a motor task, and a combined motor/verbal task. Six subjects were screened and two were used in the study. After training and a 10-minute delay period, the correct response was elicited in the motor and motor/verbal tasks, but a visual prompt was needed to elicit the correct response in the verbal task. This research provided insight into the dementia of PD and explored the viability of using a cognitive behavioral intervention.

title: Involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate activity in the periaqueductal gray on the development of pain following peripheral neurectomy
Date Issued: 1997
Abstract: Denervation of the peripheral nerves often results in ongoing pain in the denervated limb long after the injury has healed (i.e., phantom limb pain). In rodents, peripheral nerve denervation produces a pathological pain syndrome as represented through autotomy behavior (i.e., self mutilation of the denervated area). Because all sensory information is interrupted below the level of denervation it has been suggested that the injury is still represented in the central nervous system (eNS). In this study, we exam the involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) activity in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) on autotomy behavior. Ten minutes prior to sectioning of the sciatic and saphenous nervers, rats were injected bilaterally into the dorsal PAG with Saline, AP5 (a NMDA antagonist), or NMDA. From the day following denervation, the rats were observed daily for signs of autotomy. The injections of AP5 and NMDA resulted in an increase on autotomy behavior compared to the saline group.

title: Gender, hostility, personality characteristics, and child abuse potential
Date Issued: 1997
Abstract: Forty-four males and 162 females participated in a study in which the relationship of parenting attitudes, stress, personality traits, and gender to child abuse potential was studied. No gender differences were observed in child abuse potential or parental stress. However, while males had higher maladaptive parenting attitudes as measured by the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory, the correlation between maladaptive attitudes and abuse potential was stronger for females than males. Correlational analyses also revealed that for both males and females, education, IQ, income, and age were negatively correlated with abuse potential, while depression, hostility, impulsivity, psychoticism, and neuroticism were positively correlated with abuse potential. Factor analyses revealed both similarities and differences in the structural relationships among the experimental variables for males and females. Both males and females were characterized by factors that clearly reflected distress and dysfunctional attitudes and cognitions. An additional factor labeled Impulsivity/Stimulus Seeking was extracted for the males, while two additional factors labeled Negative Social Intelligence and Personality Dysfunction were extracted for females. Despite some important gender differences, the results indicate that there are in fact larger within-gender than between-gender differences in abuse potential.

title: Aggression and Gender: Concepts in Masculinity
Date Issued: 2011
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between testosterone and a number of gender dichotomous traits, including aggression, sensation seeking, pain threshold, and learned sex roles. We utilized the ratio between the second and the fourth digits (2D:4D) as a means of measuring prenatal testosterone exposure. Overall, we found few significant correlations with the questionnaires, but we did find more consistent associations with the objective measures. We discovered discrepancies between right and left hand 2D:4D ratios, so for each measure, we compared it to the right hand 2D:4D ratio, the left hand 2D:4D ratio, as well as the mean of the two, which was highly correlated with both the left and the right 2D:4D ratios. Pain threshold was significantly correlated with both the right hand 2D:4D ratio and the mean of the left and right hand ratios. Further investigation into these traits is warranted.

title: Uniting self-report measures, biometric recording programs and visual stimuli programs through computer integration techniques
Date Issued: 2003
Abstract: Protocols for administering psychological measures can be limited in scope by an inadequate use of technology. We present a way to employ technology by using an integration method, which allows for the combination of several programs. Memory theory is operationalized in a protocol that harnesses integration techniques between a professional biometric program and a video presentation program, that was self-designed. The results indicate that the use of this technique is effective in creating protocols of a complex nature. Macromedia Director 8.5 plus Xtras was used to create the self-constructed program and BioGraph 2.1 plus a ProComp+ encoder was used as a professional biometric program. The protocol was added to a battery of questionnaires, which are being administered for a study of anxiety. Data were selected for twelve cases, which are representative of the research and demonstrate that the protocol functions as expected in that it correctly displays stimuli, records memory responses, and records biometric input.

title: Causes of persistence and desistance in different groups of children with conduct problems
Date Issued: 2003
Abstract: The present study tested whether there were different predictors of persistence in distinct groups of children with conduct problems. Participants included a non-referred sample (n=98) of children selected from a community wide screening to ensure that half the sample had significant conduct problems and that half the children with conduct problems showed callous-unemotional (CD) traits. Conduct problem children with and without CD traits were further divided into those with more and less stable conduct problems across the four year study period. Several factors were found to differ between the more and less stable subgroups of children within these two main categories. More stable children with CD traits showed differences pertaining to social status, high levels of dysfunctional parenting, increased likelihood to have received mental health treatment, and more life stressors. More children without CD traits showed higher levels of impulsivity and came from higher socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds. These findings suggest that the importance of predictors in the persistence of conduct problems may differ across groups of children.

title: Adolescents' Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior : associations with jealousy and social anxiety
Date Issued: 2006
Abstract: Increasing interest in youth aggression has led to many studies in recent years that aim to understand the various types of aggression and predictors of aggressive behavior (e.g., reviewed in Boxer & Dubow, 2002; Underwood, 2003). This research has been important in informing both theory and practice. However, relatively little research has examined how specific peer difficulties such as problems with social perception and the interpretation of social cues might relate differentially to various subtypes of aggressive behavior among adolescents. In particular, prevention and intervention efforts targeting adolescents' peer relationships could benefit from a better understanding of these relations. Thus, the present study was designed to address these issues, examining the relations that jealousy and social anxiety have with relational and physical aggression. Moreover, the present study also explores the relations that jealousy and social anxiety have with proactive prosocial behavior, a type of prosocial behavior that has been shown to be associated with aggression-supporting cognitions (Boxer, Tisak, & Goldstein, 2004).

title: Sistahgirlz : an intervention program
Date Issued: 2004
Abstract: Sistahgirlz is an intervention program designed to decrease teenage pregnancy and SID contraction among Black female inner-city youth. This program will: • Teach self-preservation through Beauty and Health & Body education, • Nurture Academic skills, • Provide Sex education to benefit the participants in making mature and responsible decisions, • Promote the development of individual Future plans and goals among its participants, • Encourage Purpose by involving participants in extracurricular activities Sistahgirlz will bestow a solid foundation upon youth that would otherwise lack the stability of a family and/or social support system. In order to reduce teenage pregnancy and the transmission of sexual diseases and promote student achievement and social success, Sistahgirlz will seek to inform and educate inner-city youth by following a culturally specific curriculum in the form of a program manual designed to be implemented in 7-week increments using a hands-on approach. With successful completion of the program some anticipated outcomes include: • Reduced actual and/or potential number of teenage pregnancies among Black adolescent females, • Reduced actual and/or potential number of STD cases among Black adolescent females, • Increased self-esteem and self-confidence • Raised academic skill levels and performance including higher scores on standardized tests, • Greater involvement in extracurricular activities and in the community, • Raised self-expectancies and occupational success

title: Parenting practices and emotional responsiveness in the development of conduct problems
Date Issued: 2002
Abstract: The present study tested a potential interaction between parenting practices and parenting styles in the development of conduct problems. Participants were a nonreferred sample (n=98) of children selected from a community-wide screening to ensure substantial variability on both callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems. Dysfunctional parenting practices (i.e., poor parental supervision and monitoring and inconsistent/harsh discipline) were found to be associated with the development of conduct problems. Parental attitudes alone were not found to be related to conduct problems in the full sample. However, an interaction between the two was found for girls. These findings suggest the importance of parental attitudes interacting with parental practices to predict conduct problems specific to girls.

title: One step from lashing out at you : motivational reasonings for the preference of aggressive music
Date Issued: 2005
Abstract: This study examines relations between preference for aggressive and non-aggressive music and motivational reasons for preference for the different types of music. Participants were 322 students from the University of New Orleans (ages 18-39, 143 males and 189 females). Three main analyses were conducted for this study. The goal of the first series of analyses was to ascertain descriptive statistics for preference for different types of music and to test for gender differences in preference for different types of music. Gender differences were found with regard to preference for country, techno, and heavy metal music. The goal of the second part of the study was to see if there were correlations between motivational reasons for listening to music and preference for different types of music. For males, associations were found between energy as a motivation and techno and heavy metal music. Correlations also emerged between autonomy as a motivation and country music, and between identity as a motivation and rap music. For females, correlations were found between preference for punk rock music and energy as a motivation and autonomy as a motivation. Associations also emerged between autonomy as a motivation and a preference for reggae music. Finally, the goal of the third part of the study was to predict preference of a music type from the motivational reasons and gender, using a series of regression analyses. Regression models predicted a preference for heavy metal music, punk rock music, country music, and techno music based on the motivational reasons. Implications of this study, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.

title: relationship between IQ and spatio-temporal abilities
Date Issued: 1999
Abstract: Intelligence is a term with which almost everyone is familiar. It is an intricate part of our daily lives, from learning new information, making time-constrained decisions, and assessing a situation, to being successful in our occupations and personal relationships. As such, there is a growing need to define intelligence and devise better ways of measuring it.

title: Left hemisphere dysfunction and impulsive aggression
Date Issued: 1996
Abstract: The present study compared the performance of impulsive aggressives (IA), defined by self-report measures, with that of a nonaggressive, matched control group (CON) in relation to hemisphelic function. Through the use of dichotic listening tasks (a straight-dichotic and staggered format), an assessment of hemispheric lateralization was obtained. The sample consisted of 24 college students attending a state university. It was hypothesized that the aggressors would demonstrate a left ear advantage (LEA) which is indicative of left hemisphere dysfunction. The results of the study clearly demonstrated a left ear advantage in the impulsive aggressors averaging across tasks. Although this result was consistent with the original hypothesis, it failed to reach significance when compared to the nonaggressive matched controls.

title: relationship between the modified somatic perception questionnaire and dynamic platform posturography
Date Issued: 2006
Abstract: There are several questionnaires that measure somatization and malingering with known accuracy, such as the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire (MSPQ; Main, 1983). The purpose of this study is to determine if patients whose dizziness symptoms are associated with non-organic sway patterns show more evidence of somatization and/or malingering than the patients whose dizziness is associated with sway patterns seen in persons with documented vestibular pathology.

title: relationship between attributions and self-esteem in mentally retarded adolescents
Date Issued: 1993
Abstract: Academic achievement can be impacted by both attributional beliefs and self-esteem. However, the relationship between these two constructs is not clear. In order to examine this relationship within a mentally retarded population, a study was designed including two measures that were administered to 24 mildly mentally retarded students in New Orleans Parish High Schools. The Harter Perceived Competence Scale for Children has six subscales to assess self-esteem. The Students Perception of Control Questionnaire (SPOCQ) has three components measuring a student's beliefs about agents, strategies, and outcomes. A composite score from the SPOCQ, was significantly correlated with the Global subscale of the Harter (Pearson corr. = .51, ~<.01), suggesting that internal control beliefs have a positive relationship to global self-esteem. However, because of the magnitude of the relationship, it is clear that attributional beliefs and self-esteem form separate components of a person.

title: Comparative functional family therapy treatment outcomes of drug- and non-drug-using juvenile offenders
Date Issued: 2009
Abstract: Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is an evidence-based, cost-efficient intervention for reducing antisocial youths' problem behavior and increasing prosocial behaviors. Because evaluations of FFT's effectiveness are inconsistent for drug-using youths, we compared adolescent and family functioning outcomes between drug-using (n =11) and non-using (n =22) juvenile offenders. Mixed ANOVAs showed FFT significantly decreased aggression and externalizing behavior in both groups but drug-users experienced greater reduction. FFT similarly significantly reduced youths' hyperactivity, conduct problems, behavioral symptoms, withdrawal, attention problems, internalizing behavior and depression and similarly significantly improved youths' adaptive and social skills. However, this evidence for improvement was only found for parent report's of adjustment and not youth self-report. Findings support the utility of implementing FFT with drug-using adolescents but further research is warranted.

title: relation between patterns of aggression and emotional reactivity in children
Date Issued: 2003
Abstract: This study tested whether different aggression patterns were related to distinct patterns of emotional reactivity in children. Participants were fifty boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 13. Behavior rating measures and a cognitive-affective task were used to assess aggressive traits and responsiveness to stimuli depicting threat, distress, and negative emotion. Analyses demonstrated that girls tended to report less aggression than boys. Threat and empathy facilitation indices were significantly negatively correlated with proactive aggression scores for the child report. Opposite of what was predicted, negative emotion, threat, and empathy facilitation indices were significantly negatively correlated with scores on the reactive aggression measures for the child report. After controlling for reactive aggression for the parent report, the facilitation index for empathy was significantly negatively correlated with proactive aggression. Results provide partial support for differences in emotional reactivity for the two types of aggression.

title: Education and contact : their effect on racial attitudes
Date Issued: 1994
Abstract: This study examined the effects of level of education and contact on whites' racist attitudes towards African-Americans. Fifty subjects, 25 college freshmen and 25 college seniors, completed a contact survey and a survey adapted from Kleinpenning and Hagendoorn's (1993) study measuring different forms of racist attitudes. Higher levels of education resulted in less racist attitudes. This research provided insight into the possible effects education and contact have on racial attitudes. Future directions for this type of research are discussed, including differentiating the effects of contact and education and determining what component of higher education is most influential in reducing racism.

title: Locus of control orientation and its relationship to parenting
Date Issued: 1984-07-03
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was 1) to examine the relationship between parents' locus of control and childrearing attitudes, and 2) to examine the relationship between parents' locus of control and knowledge of child development norms. One hundred eleven college students (64 parents, 47 nonparents) participated, 28 males and 82 females. The mean age was 27.1 years, and the mean education was 14.8 years. Subjects completed a demographic data form, the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (Schaefer & Bell, 1958), Levenson's Locus of Control Scale (1973), and Knowledge of Developmental Norms (Altemeier et al, 1979). Partial correlations controlling for parenting and age revealed a relationship between Internality and Comradeship/Sharing and Internality and Equalitarianism. There was also a significant relationship between Chance and Avoidance of Communication. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that the Rapport Scale made a significant contribution towards explaining the variance in Internality; the Authority Scale made a significant contribution towards explaining the variation in Chance. Variables which were not assessed in the present study may have contributed to the additional variance in locus of control. The variable "parenting" was not found to be a significant predictor; however, it is a multidimensional construct, and future studies should attempt to identify other important variables.

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